Acute Toxicity of Copper in Freshwater Molluscs Lamellidens corrianus, Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis and Melania hainesiana and Effect on Behavior

Basella rubra Linn belongs to the family Basellaceae. The people of Manipur have been using plants as indigenous colorants before introducing synthetic colorants in Manipur. In addition traditional natural dyes plants were extinct their exploitation due to unavailability of indigenous knowledge on extracting and dying techniques. Natural dyes are environmental friendly although synthetic dyes rapidly replaced the traditional natural dyes because of availability, cost less, a vast range of new colors and imparted better properties to the dyed materials. Present circumstances, the use of natural dyes has fall-off due to lack of documentation. The traditionally used dye plants Achyranthus aspera and Basella rubra linn of Manipur were investigated for edible herbal pigment and vegetable dyes. Achyranthus aspera is used as natural mordant were as chemical analysis was not done. The chemical analyses of the bioactive compounds present in selected plant Basella rubra were characterized by NMR: (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and DEPT-135 NMR), TLC, UV-Vis, IR, Column Chromatography, LC-MS, profiles were recorded for evaluating the products and identification of the compound. Compound 1,2,3,4 and 5 were isolated by column chromatography from Basella rubra linn. Only compound 4 (3, 5-Bis-aminomethyl-cyclohexanone) and compound 5 (3-(2-Amino-ethyl)-2-aminomethyl-4-ethyl-cyclopentylamine) were identified and not reported before. Purple, red, green and brown pigments which are food grade are separated and characterized.

@article{nijira2026,
  author  = {Nijira Brahmaaa*},
  title   = {{Acute Toxicity of Copper in Freshwater Molluscs Lamellidens corrianus, Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis and Melania hainesiana and Effect on Behavior}},
  journal = {Journal of Bioresearch},
  year    = {2026},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.56716/4/1113},
}