Vol.4, No.1
Artificial Intelligence :Future for Biological cell engineering
Hirendra Nath Sarma
Editor-in-Chief
Email: hirendra.sarma@rgu.ac.in
Artificial Intelligence is one of the most sought after frontier areas of modern science. John McCarthy (1927 - 2011) was an American computer scientist who first coined the term Artificial intelligence in the year 1955. Research continues at various level for simulations of human brain systematic thinking in electronic devices and its translation. A concept of biology : "Intelligence" let be transform to electronic signals and waves and translated to work by machines called machine learning. It is an interdisciplinary science of electronics, physics, chemistry, mathematics, engineering, computer science and finally the biological sciences. There is every possibilities in coming days, the machine learning and artificial intelligence will replace existing machines and begin an new era of machine with memory, judgment and execution. Two pioneers of artificial intelligence — John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton — won the Nobel Prize in physics for helping create the building blocks of machine learning that is revolutionizing the way we work and live but also creates new threats for humanity. An artifitial neural network in electronics has been developed, interconnected computer nodes simulating the neural network in brain. Few remarkable quotes are mentioned here on AI : 1. Hinton, who is known as the godfather of artificial intelligence, Hopfield is an American working at Princeton. Hopfield, whose 1982 work laid the groundwork for Hinton's,quoted by a member of Nobel Committee.
2. Hinton said "AI will end up having a "huge influence" on civilization, bringing improvements in productivity and health care. "It would be comparable with the Industrial Revolution," "We have no experience of what it's like to have things smarter than us. And it's going to be wonderful in many respects," "But we also have to worry about a number of possible bad consequences, particularly the threat of these things getting out of control."
3. One of the Nobel Committee members quoted : AI has "enormous benefits, its rapid development has also raised concerns about our future. Collectively, humans carry the responsibility for using this new technology in a safe and ethical way for the greatest benefit of humankind."
When intelligence is a word meaning related to the biological memory on the neural system, its application in machine could really be a challenging for the scientists. what so ever or its level of implications begin with from a minor phyla to higher organism. This concept of memory and analyzing capacity of neuronal system has been translated and incorporated in machine. It will be applied in robotics, health cares system, diseases diagnosis, finance, automated administrative task, defense, to improve public safety, detect crime, and provide citizen services, banking services and many others that will have deep societal implications. Successful use of AI planning and perception approaches may be seen in NASA's space-based autonomous vehicles, which use technology to steer and move on their own without human intervention.
The animal cell could be the most complex organized system of matter, that unable to synthesize in artificial condition. While, AI will bring the answer of many complex questions of biomedical diagnostic, treatement and surgical procedures, the functions of biological cells,its life span, and changed dunctions in different stages of organism's life need to be elucidated. It is yet to be find out how, organism's brain work, the neural network communicates for final delivery of mind.
Does artificial Intelligence replace the human brain ? Or it is not the objective of AI studies ? A network of systemaic reasoning ants its output the technology of AI and its applications. A work shall need to understand by reasoning step by step and translated into electronic signaling wave and its final output in terms of work performance. Time will come, when AI will be part of daily life, begin with housekeeping to the critical health care services.
Few questions arise : Does a biological cell including a neuron can be synthesized in the laboratory. Does the AI chips or any other new devices of AI can be implanted in biological system for working out metabolic activities, neural functions? Does AI will be a replacement of inborn error of metabolic and neural disorder of Childens. War ravaged world is one of the major threats and challenges to be faced by the humanity in coming years. Whatever and wherever, it hold out, how far the implications will be of small nuclear arms. We are keeping our fingers crossed for the better days for humanity.
Reference : 1. https://www.ap.org/news : Nobel Prize winners 2024
2. Xu Y., Liu X., Cao X., Huang C., Liu E., Qian S., Liu X., Wu Y., Dong F., Qiu C.W., et al. Artificial Intelligence: A Powerful Paradigm for Scientific Research. Innovation. 2021; 2:100179.
3. Buchanan B.G. A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence. AI Mag. 2005; 26:53.
4. Lawson C.E., Martí J.M., Radivojevic T., Jonnalagadda S.V.R., Gentz R., Hillson N.J., Peisert S., Kim J., Simmons B.A., Petzold C.J., et al. Machine Learning for Metabolic Engineering: A Review. Metab. Eng. 2021; 63: 34-60.
5. Kim S.W., Kong J.H., Lee S.W., Lee S. Recent Advances of Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing Industrial Sectors: A Review. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 2022; 23: 111-129.
Abstract: Implantation and structural architecture of embryo is very crucial for development of animal. Hox genes are key regulator of implantation and structural changes of early embryo. Hox genes transcribe to form homeodomain-containing transcription factors. The different types of Homeobox genes are involved in implantation and decidualization. Post-implantation processes like limb development, lung development also involves the regulation by Hox genes. In the formation of female reproductive tract from the undifferentiated duct, the Hox plays a decisive role in deciding its fate. Different Hoxa genes are responsible for formation of the different part of the tract including oviduct, uterus and upper vagina. The development of limb is depended on several HOXD genes. HOXB clusters of homeobox genes are responsible for axial patterning. This review gives a holistic assessment on the functioning of Hox genes as regulators of numerous important roles in implantation as well as the development of embryo.
Keywords: homeodomain, decidualization, implantation, Homeobox
Abstract: The term “Biodiversity” refers to the variety and variability among organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Thus, biodiversity can be defined as the totality of genes, species and ecosystem of a region. Sustainable management ensures that the rate of exploitation of biological species by man does not exceed the rate of their regeneration or reproduction. Sustainable management of biodiversity ensure the survival of all the biological species in the world and thereby follows the same trend of nature. So sustainable management can be called a nature-friendly approach. Sustainable management of algal biodiversity promotes the maintenance of genetic diversity that is the basis of any genetic improvement work and indirectly promotes climatic stability and soil productivity. Diverse algalogical species and their gene pool act as the storehouse of valuable genes that can exhibit suitable phenotypes to overcome the biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Sustainable management of algal biodiversity thus holds a great promise in ensuring better life support to our offspring through food, manure and pharamaceutical security. It is the sustainable management alone that can utilize algaldiversity not only to meet our present needs but also future needs.
Keywords: Algaldiversity, Conservation, Sustainable Management
Abstract: The term “Biodiversity” refers to the variety and variability among organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Thus, biodiversity can be defined as the totality of genes, species and ecosystem of a region. Sustainable management ensures that the rate of exploitation of biological species by man does not exceed the rate of their regeneration or reproduction. Sustainable management of biodiversity ensure the survival of all the biological species in the world and thereby follows the same trend of nature. So sustainable management can be called a nature-friendly approach. Sustainable management of algal biodiversity promotes the maintenance of genetic diversity that is the basis of any genetic improvement work and indirectly promotes climatic stability and soil productivity. Diverse algalogical species and their gene pool act as the storehouse of valuable genes that can exhibit suitable phenotypes to overcome the biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Sustainable management of algal biodiversity thus holds a great promise in ensuring better life support to our offspring through food, manure and pharamaceutical security. It is the sustainable management alone that can utilize algaldiversity not only to meet our present needs but also future needs.
Keywords: Algaldiversity, Conservation, Sustainable Management
Abstract: The subtropical forest ecosystem of Kakoi Reserve Forest of Assam, India, is home to a diverse range of indigenous communities, including the Ahom, Sutia, Koch, Adivasi, Mishing, Boro, Kachari, and Nepali, who have historically utilised its non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for subsistence. This study investigates the wild edible plants traditionally consumed by these communities residing near the Kakoi Reserve Forest. Employing a semi-structured interview approach, ethnobotanical data was collected between January and September 2018 from knowledgeable residents in villages bordering the forest. The primary objective was to document the traditional knowledge of these communities regarding wild edible plants. The survey identified a remarkable diversity of 86 wild edible plant species within the Kakoi Reserve Forest. Dicots were the dominant group, with 70 species documented. A detailed record was compiled, capturing the various ways these plants contribute to the local diet. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the role that wild edible plants play in the dietary composition and nutritional security of communities surrounding the Kakoi Reserve Forest. The traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of local communities regarding wild edible plants represents an invaluable bridge between traditional knowledge and scientific research.
Keywords: Assam, NTFP, ethnobotany, India, Kakoi Reserve Forest, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), wild edible plants
Abstract: Lakes are huge bodies of water located inland. India is a country that relies heavily on agriculture, and its lakes, rivers, and ponds are used for irrigation. Lakes provide important environmental, social, and economic roles. These include supplying drinking water, replenishing groundwater, absorbing floodwater, fostering biodiversity, and living. While the presence of heavy metals in water is vital for life, concentrations higher than those advised by national and international organizations can lead to physiological problems. The presence of heavy metals in water and sediment presents serious problems for aquaculture, agriculture, and freshwater ecosystems. Excess of these can come from both natural and man-made sources in the aquatic environment through a variety of processes and pathways. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, an accumulation of heavy metals in living organisms can be hazardous and carcinogenic. In this study, Kelageri Lake in the Dharwad district was evaluated in 2023 for the concentrations of many heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr) as well as other physicochemical characteristics. While heavy metals were analysed using an Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer (AAS), water quality data were gathered monthly. All heavy metal levels were below allowable limits, apart from Fe and Ni, which had greater values during the southwest monsoon. Mn, on the other hand, had a higher concentration during the northeast monsoon throughout the summer. The remaining physico-chemical parameters are also within the acceptable range. The lake is prolific, and the water is rather firm.
Keywords: Dharwad, Heavy metals. Kelegeri Lake, Water quality
Abstract: Lakes are huge bodies of water located inland. India is a country that relies heavily on agriculture, and its lakes, rivers, and ponds are used for irrigation. Lakes provide important environmental, social, and economic roles. These include supplying drinking water, replenishing groundwater, absorbing floodwater, fostering biodiversity, and living. While the presence of heavy metals in water is vital for life, concentrations higher than those advised by national and international organizations can lead to physiological problems. The presence of heavy metals in water and sediment presents serious problems for aquaculture, agriculture, and freshwater ecosystems. Excess of these can come from both natural and man-made sources in the aquatic environment through a variety of processes and pathways. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, an accumulation of heavy metals in living organisms can be hazardous and carcinogenic. In this study, Kelageri Lake in the Dharwad district was evaluated in 2023 for the concentrations of many heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr) as well as other physicochemical characteristics. While heavy metals were analysed using an Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer (AAS), water quality data were gathered monthly. All heavy metal levels were below allowable limits, apart from Fe and Ni, which had greater values during the southwest monsoon. Mn, on the other hand, had a higher concentration during the northeast monsoon throughout the summer. The remaining physico-chemical parameters are also within the acceptable range. The lake is prolific, and the water is rather firm.
Keywords: Dharwad, Heavy metals. Kelegeri Lake, Water quality
